FIRE21 - Research 2023 - Sweden

This work package within FIRE21 investigates network-based problem-solving in Fire and Rescue services with the aim of getting an understanding of problem-solving networks and their capabilities. 

Research in 2023

During 2023, the data collected in 2022 has been analysed regarding how problem-solving networks work to solve the myriad of problems that arise in emergencies. The results have been presented at one conference and in a scientific publication. The publication is under review and will be published in 2024. 

Lesson 1: How complex problems get easier to solve

Problems that arise in emergencies are often complex and sometimes referred to as ‘wicked’. This means that the problems can be difficult to understand, and the solutions can be hard to find. 

Complex problems are broken down to sub-problems

Our research has found that the Fire and Rescue Services often break down complex problems into sub-problems, making them easier to solve. By doing this, the FRS can rely on previous experience, earlier exercises, and plans. Breaking down a complex problem into several manageable sub-problems often helps clarify the problem and makes it easier to identify the resources needed to solve it. 

The ability to zoom in and zoom out is necessary

However, breaking down a problem into sub-problems brings the risk of losing a comprehensive understanding of the overall situation. Moreover, the ability to zoom-in and zoom-out of problem analysis during a response is necessary to mitigate this risk. Hence, it's crucial to recognize when it is beneficial to break down a problem into sub-problems and when it is not.

Lesson 2: Learning from incidents

When learning from previous incidents, we can assess the response by focusing on specific sub-problems. This enables easy identification of the crucial resources employed to solve the problem or the essential resources that could have been used. Examining details this way makes it easier to identify and prepare for solutions applied in emergencies to address complex problems. 

Lesson 3: Diverse skills in the FRS provide a depth of knowledge

We have seen that to understand complex problems in emergencies, it is important to include different stakeholders in the problem-solving network. Here, we acknowledge that informal contacts are likewise important to solve problems. 

Complexity is dependent on skills – and cooperation

In addition, our findings show that complexity is in the eye of the beholder. In other words, complex problems that seem challenging to one stakeholder may not be as complicated for another if tackled by someone with the right skills. This highlights the implicit value of collaboration between stakeholders who possess different skills. Additionally, it’s important to locate the appropriate resources with the right knowledge to determine which sub-problems should be addressed. This way it is possible to ensure that the right problems are identified and solved.

Authors: Lotta Vylund and Margaret McNamee
December 2023